-attempt to identify patterns in the disease occurrence in order to identify risk factors in management

• Check that the calf rearing system is acceptable to the standards chosen (tethering not acceptable under UKROFS, calf hutches only up to 7 days of age under the Soil Association standards), and improve ventilation if chronic calf pneumonia is a problem.

-air sock with natural or assisted ventilation (depending on the size of the calf shed) is recommended

-divide the calf rearing area into age groups and avoid groups larger than 6 animals

• If an outbreak occurs, attempt to find out the causative agent with the help of your vet, in order to target prevention if necessary.

• Establish a quarantine system for all bought-in animals (minimum 2 weeks).

• If the enterprise fattens calves for multiple sources:

-buy directly from farm (under the Soil Association standards, cattle markets not acceptable)

-use suppliers with disease records and good health status

-avoid other stresses during and after transport

-use "all-in, all-out" systems in housing, see above for grouping and group sizes