Good Practice based on Current Knowledge

• If there is a known problem with clostridial disease on the farm, the animals must be vaccinated, preferably with a single vaccine.
• The veterinary surgeon must decide whether a case is worth treating or must be humanely destroyed to prevent further suffering.
• Liver fluke  must be kept under control to prevent bacillary haemoglobinuria.
• Good hygiene should be maintained during calving and castration. Any wounds should be treated with conventional and/or alternative methods.
• Careful handling of the animals is important to prevent bruising.